Australia Day 65,000 BCE, 1788 CE and 2023: a long perspective.
65,000 BCE
Homo sapiens first arrived in Australia about 65,000 years before ‘the common era’, or BCE. We cannot pin down a specific day for their arrival. We don’t use the abbreviations AD or BC of the Christian calendar any more, so that China, India, Indonesia and Japan number years in the same way as Europe, the Americas and Oceania.
In the period 65–67,000 years ago Australia had a land bridge with New Guinea, but not with Asia – as the separate development of our unique fauna and flora demonstrates. So our first inhabitants would have arrived from Asia by sea.
Over 65 millennia a complex society evolved with its own art, mythology, up to 500 languages and dialects, funeral practices, making tools and weapons, navigation, trading goods and materials across the continent, medicine, diet, fire management and commitment to the land/ ‘country’. Some ‘nations’ or tribes were nomadic, essentially hunter gatherers, others had fixed settlements, with stone buildings and complex eel traps.
The claim that our First Nations people have the longest continuous history on the planet is soundly based.
We have no written records but the surviving rock and cave art is eloquent and powerful.
There was contact with Macassans, Spanish, Dutch and Portuguese and probably Chinese.
1788 CE
26 January 1788 was a very important day in Sydney but it may not have been particularly noteworthy in the site that became Melbourne. Sydney first commemorated the day in 1838, 50 years on. Each state had its own celebratory day – in Victoria it was Empire Day from 1905 until 1958.
Colonisation is always violent.
The two major elements in British settlement of Australia after 1788 were the convict system and the dispossession of Indigenes, killings and the systematic destruction of their culture.` They contributed to an authoritarian strain in the Australian system, which remained, although there was a more liberal, open, democratic, sometimes larrikin, national narrative as well.
In 1788 the indigenous population was been estimated as between 300,000 and above 1,000,000, with 750,000 being probably the best estimate, most living in the south east of the continent: similar to contemporary distribution of population generally.
The introduction of disease, especially smallpox, as early as 1789, decimated indigenous communities. There were 250 massacres that we have some details about in what has been called ‘the frontier wars’, a hotly contested issue in ‘the culture wars’. There may have been many more. Prof. Lyndal Ryan has estimated 65,000 indigenous killings in Queensland alone, between 1788 and 1930, with many thousands in other colonies/ states.
It is possible that indigenous killings number as many as Australian deaths in action in World Wars I and II combined.
Indigenes were driven off their traditional lands, forbidden to speak indigenous languages, many children removed from their mothers (‘the stolen generation’) until about 1970, and often tormented, starved, shot or poisoned. The last officially sanctioned massacre occurred in 1928 in the Northern Territory, near Coniston Station. There were ‘unofficial’ massacres in the 1930s
There was never any attempt to negotiate treaties with ‘First Nations’ peoples, unlike Canada, New Zealand and the United States.
In the 19th and much of the 20th Century what was called ‘the passing of the Aborigines’ was taken for granted. In recent decades authoritarianism was justified by the explanation, ‘we are doing it for their own good’, a rigidity, harshness, cruelty, even sadism in institutions – armed forces, churches, schools, orphanages.
As late as the sesqui-centenary of British occupation in 1938 some textbooks and museums classified Aborigines as fauna. This was part of what the anthropologist W.E.H. Stanner, in his important Boyer Lectures in 1968 for the ABC, called ‘the great Australian silence.’
Being honest with ourselves…
‘Australian history does not read like history but like the most beautiful lies.’
MARK TWAIN Following the Equator (1897), Part 7.
A number of important elements in Australia are marked by a striking lack of candour – a hesitancy about grasping the truth.
Australia’s way of dealing with racism was to deny that it existed, relying on evasion and amnesia.
Mark Twain, the most famous American author of his time, whose Tom Sawyer (1876) and Huckleberry Finn (1884) were international best settlers, visited Australia in 1895 and saw things that nobody around seemed to notice, and certainly did not want to discuss. He wrote powerfully about the killing of Aborigines, ‘the bush pudding with arsenic revenge’: ‘They did not kill all the blacks, but they promptly killed enough of them to make their persons safe. From the dawn of civilization down to this day the white man has always used this very precaution.’
Mark Twain was amazed that when he raised these issues, the reaction was not outrage but indifference. *
White Australia was one of the driving forces of the Federation movement, and Alfred Deakin, a liberal reformer on most issues, was a zealot on race. It remained in force until the 1970s.
When the Commonwealth of Australia was inaugurated in January 1901, the Premier of New South Wales, William Lyne, observed: ‘Of the three great colonial possessions, Australia’s lot has been the happiest. Unlike Canada and South Africa, she has not had a race problem to solve.’
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* Mark Twain/ Don Watson The Wayward Tourist. Mark Twain’s Adventures in Australia (Miegunyah Press, 2007)
The strongest intellectual influence on me as a child was Hendrik Willem van Loon (1882-1944), an American journalist and historian, born in The Netherlands, whose The Story of Mankind (1922) and The Home of Mankind (1933) shaped my thinking. He had the cartoonist’s gift for explaining complex subjects with powerful images. The Home of Mankind was a world geography. He deplored the ‘incurable vice of nationalism’ and the horrors of what he called ‘the Great Era of Exploitation’, during the Imperial expansion of the 19th-century. Then came three sentences, which horrified me, when I read them first, at the age of 6 or 7:
‘The man-hunts with horses and dogs organized to exterminate the aborigines of Australia are rarely mentioned in the histories devoted to the early years of that distant continent.
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* Hendrik Willem van Loon, The Home of Mankind, Harrap, 1933, p. 481.
‘Why go on? ‘I am merely repeating what everybody knows.’* [My emphasis].
Well, I did not know, nor did my teachers. Nor did textbooks record it.
Significantly, although I read few books by Australians or about Australia, I remember that in promotional material for the Sesquicentenary of European settlement (1938) Australian Aborigines had been included in a list of fauna. That did seem odd.
There was a strong white supremacist theme in initial enthusiasm for participation in World War I expressed by C.E.W. Bean, later the pre-eminent war historian: that Australia was the only continent without racial mixture (a bit of a stretch here, but he saw indigenes as marginal, irrelevant or headed for extinction).
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† Peter Cochrane Best We Forget: The War for White Australia 1914-18 (Text, 2018)
Australia Day/Invasion Day.
The Sesqui-Centenary in 1938 was commemorated nation-wide on 26 January but it retained a New South Wales emphasis until the Bicentennial in 1988.
Australia Day was only observed in every state and territory from 1994, a late date which will come as a surprise.
There was always a degree of confusion about what had happened on the original 26 January – some, including at least one former Prime Minister – thought it was James Cook’s landing at Botany Bay rather than the arrival of the First Fleet under Arthur Phillip.
The satirical blog The Shovel reported on a poll asking Australians the significance of 26 January and the answers included: ‘Captain Cook landed on Gallipoli as part of the Eureka War’ and ‘The Southern Cross star constellation first formed’– brutal, but close to the bone.
2023
Given its unpromising beginnings in 1788, ‘settler Australia’ is and has been a country of remarkable achievement, outstandingly successful in many areas. But we could achieve far more for ourselves and humanity generally if we came clean about our past.
We have much to be proud of. There are about 180 nations on earth and Australia ranks in the top 10 on many social indicators: democratic practice and free elections, the human development index, life expectancy (although we slipped a little under Covid), high literacy rates, excellent research and
institutions, possibly the most successful multi-cultural nation, and a spirit of optimism. The traditions of ‘mateship’ and ‘the fair go’ are still robust. We have been outstanding in how we deal with emergencies – bushfires, floods, accidents on roads, in rivers and oceans, the air. Sport has had an important levelling effect in Australian society.
Of course, there are problems too – No.1 in the world for gambling, troubling levels of obesity and alcohol dependence, Indigenous incarceration rates and deaths in custody, some of the most segmented schooling in the OECD, some brutal agricultural practices in treatment of land, forests and waterways, failure to produce economically complex products.
The 2016 Australian Census recorded an indigenous population of 798,000.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders number 3.3% of Australia’s population, 28% of all prisoners, 13% of homicide victims and 11% of those charged with homicide. Adult prisoners as a proportion of all incarcerations range from 9% in Victoria (691 prisoners) to 84% (1,477) in the Northern Territory.
‘Blinding trachoma’ ended in Europe and the United States in the 1950s but remains in some remote Australian indigenous communities. (I have had some involvement in the campaign to end it.)
Indigenous issues remain highly sensitive with much of the Coalition’s base, demonstrated by failure to endorse the ‘Uluru Statement from the Heart’ (May 2017).
Alternative Days for Commemoration?
1 January. Anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. Already a public holiday.
26 January. Could be renamed ‘First Fleet Day’ or ‘White Australia Day’. Age is the most significant area of difference of opinion. Polling indicates that Australians under 35 overwhelmingly support changing if and how we commemorate 26 January – perhaps as ‘Invasion Day’ or ‘Survival Day’. Those over 50 strongly support the status quo.
3 March. Date the Australia Act (1986) came into force, ‘repatriating’ the Commonwealth Constitution with the UK Parliament graciously giving up its power to legislate for us. The Constitution remains cringe making.
27 May. Date of the 1967 Referendum which allowed ATSI people to be counted in the Census and the Commonwealth Parliament to be able to make laws about them.
The Referendum on ‘A Voice to Parliament’
Peter Dutton has explained his reluctance to support the Referendum on inserting ‘A Voice to Parliament’ in the Constitution is that far more detail must be provided because that the proposed ‘Voice’ might cripple how Government works. The charges are wrong, hypocritical and dishonest.
In Australian Referenda, the question posed is almost always very simple, sometimes even obscure, leaving detail to be worked out by the Parliament in legislation if it is passed. The questions expand the role of Parliament – they never contract it.
In 1946 a Referendum was carried giving Parliament the capacity to make laws on social services. The question asked was:
Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled ‘Constitution Alteration (Social Services) 1946′?
Note that there was no detail provided: not one word referring to maternity allowances, widows’ pensions, child endowment, unemployment, pharmaceutical, sickness and hospital benefits, medical and dental services.
In 1999 a Referendum to insert a Preamble in the Constitution, put up by the Howard Government, asked this question, which reads, in all its glory:
‘A PROPOSED LAW: to alter the Constitution to insert a preamble. DO YOU APPROVE THIS PROPOSED ALTERATION?
It could hardly be described as packed with detail. What on earth was the proposed Preamble about? True, the Referendum failed, and may even have been intended to fail.
The proposed Preamble begins ‘With hope in God’ and advances eight ‘feel good’ propositions of which No. 4 reads:
• honouring Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, the nation’s first people, for their deep kinship with their lands and for their ancient and continuing cultures which enrich the life of our country;
The ATSI reference is just a wave from a gloved hand – virtually meaningless: ‘honour’, but no ‘action’.
But the Voice to Parliament, however constructed, has the potential to stimulate informed debate, set priorities and lead to practical outcomes.
Is it symbolic? You bet. Don’t underrate the significance of symbols.
But we must act now. Timing is, if not everything, always a central element in whether taking action will work.
I remember with some bitterness that in 1999, with the other Referendum, on a republic, there were zealots who said, ‘The model set out in the Referendum question doesn’t go far enough. If we vote it down now, a better model will quickly emerge that we can all agree on.’
23 years late, this has not yet happened.
I agree completely with Noel Pearson, Tom Calma, Linda Burney, the Dodgson Brothers, Marcia Langton, Henry Reynolds, Gareth Evans, Judith Brett, Mark McKenna, Dean Ashenden, the time to act on ‘a Voice’ is now.
It is now 235 years after 26 January 1788, with ‘terra nullius’ as the law of the land for 205 of them. Our Commonwealth Constitution, dating from 1901, made only two references to our First Nations people – both negative: that they were not to be counted in the Census and the Commonwealth could make no laws for their benefit.
The 1967 Referendum was a valuable first step, the Mabo judgment of 1992 was a second – but we must now complete the job.
This is not just for the benefit of First Nations people, it is an essential element of being honest with ourselves, to fulfil the human potential of all of us.
It’s time.
Do it now.
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An address by Barry Jones for Australia Day Breakfast 2023 at the Rotary Club of Essendon North
The featured print was published in The Story of Mankind by Hendrik van Loon, 1882-1944